依据大家刚接触英语语法时的理解，试判断下列例句：
I go through my exam paper carefully.
I go through my exam paper careful.
同学们不难分辨上述两句话的正误。的确，从一般语法角度来看，副词总是出目前句末，作状语，起修饰用途。但能不能就此推论，出目前句末起修饰用途的状语都是副词呢?
新定义英语给出了答案：
且看第三册L44 Speed and Comfort 里出现的不按“常理”出牌的句式：
1)An aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly.
2)Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
第一句话里是大家容易见到的副词放句末，但对于第二句话中形容词放在句末的现象大家如何理解呢?
其实这里的exhausted是作随着状语成分，它的逻辑主语是you，确切说它是修饰主语you的。该类句子一般可以还原成并列句或主从复合句，还原后译文就是：Inevitably you arrive at your destination and you are almost exhausted或者Inevitably when you arrive at your destination, you are exhausted.
而第一句话中的rapidly并不是修饰主语an aeroplane,而是修饰句中谓语动词get, 修饰谓语动词，当仁不让的自然是副词。
再赏析一例：
Fruits should be eaten fresh.= Fruits should be eaten when they are fresh.
其中fresh作为形容词，修饰的是句子主语fruits，并不是修饰谓语eat更不是修饰整句话。比较Fruits should be eaten usually, 这里的副词usually做谓语eat的状语，旨在突出eat的频率，而不是fruits了。
这样来看，大家不可以以偏概全地觉得放在句末的一定是副词了，形容词或形容词短语也会悄然出目前句末，只须分清他们修饰的句子成分，就能了解地分辨词性。副词一般修饰谓语动词或整句话，而形容词或形容词短语则总是修饰主语，作为主语的补充描述。而这些形容词或形容词短语在不少句式中还有愈加灵活的地方，譬如句首，句中等。下面大家来看看形容词或形容词短语作状语的各种情形：
1、形容词或形容词短语作随着状语
I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified.
You arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
If they had only one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights.
2、形容词或形容词短语作缘由状语
Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep.
Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.
3、形容词或形容词短语作其他状语成分
We do know, however, that for thousands of years, food was always eaten cold and raw. 2017年秋天中级口译考试
Ripe，these cherries are sweet.
= When they are ripe, these cherries are sweet.
After a long journey, he went back home, tired and hungry.
The boy was shot and fell down dead.
Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. 新定义第三册L40 Who is who
对于不少英语学习者而言，刚开始的语法句式常常先入为主，产生惯性思维，譬如上文说到的副词在句末的状况，看到不按“常理”出牌的句式，总是惊惶失措，开始怀疑“定论”。其实，英语学习本就是按部就班螺旋上升的，大家只有更多阅读考虑，博闻广记，才能不断拓宽视线，突破语法瓶颈，学会更多的语法句式。
竺婵桢
新东方集团20周年功勋教师，早年毕业于上国外国语大学，TESOL国际英语教学证书。
主讲：初高中新定义三册
